أَنْوَاع الإِعْرَابِ
| وَالَّذِيْ يَتَغَيَّرُ آخِرُهُ ..إِنْ كَانَ فِعْلاً فَتَغَيُّرُهُ يَكُوْنُ بِالضَّمَّةِ وَالْفَتْحَةِ وَالسُّكُوْنِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ اسْماً فَتَغَيُّرُهُ يَكُوْنُ بَالضَّمَّةِ وَالْفَتْحَةِ وَالْكَسْرَةِ. وَالتَّغَيُّرُ بِالضَّمَّةِ يُسَمَّى “رَفْعاً”، وَبِالْفَتْحَةِ يُسَمَّى “نَصْباً”، وَبِالْكَسْرَةِ يُسَمَّى “جَراًّ”، وَبِالسُّكُوْنِ “جَزْماً”، وَيُقَالُ لِلضَّمَّةِ وَالْفَتْحَةِ وَالْكَسْرَةِ وَالسُّكُوْنِ “عَلاَمَاتُ الإِعْرَابِ الأَصْلِيَّةُ”. That whose ending changes, if it is a فِعْل , then its change is by means of the الضَّمَّة , the الْفَتْحَة and the السُّكُوْن , and if it is an اسْم , then its change is by means of the الضَّمَّة , the الْفَتْحَة and the الْكَسْرَة . The change: by means of the الضَّمَّة is called “رَفْع” ,by means of the الْفَتْحَة (is called) “نَصْب” ,by means of the الْكَسْرَة (is called) “جَرّ” and by means of the السُّكُوْن (is called) “جَزْم” The الضَّمَّة , the الْفَتْحَة , the الْكَسْرَة and the السُّكُوْن are said to be the “عَلاَمَات الإِعْرَابِ الأَصْلِيَّة” (primary signs of declinability). |
Explanation:
It has become clear to us that the words whose endings change by changing the constructions (in which they appear) are from the classes of الْفِعْل and الاسْم , and not from the class of الْحَرْف .
It remains for us to know the modes or states in which this change exists. Know that they (i.e. these modes or states) are four: the الضَّمَّة , the الْفَتْحَة , the الْكَسْرَة and the السُّكُوْن . The change:
- by means of the الضَّمَّة is called “رَفْع” (i.e. nominative case for nouns and indicative mood for verbs),
- by means of the الْفَتْحَة (is called) “نَصْب” (i.e. accusative case for nouns and subjunctive mood for verbs),
- by means of the الْكَسْرَة (is called) “جَرّ” and
- by means of the السُّكُوْن (is called) “جَزْم” .
Hence, it is said that the types of declinability (الإِعْرَاب) are: رَفْع , نَصْب , جَرّ and جَزْم , and the الضَّمَّة , the الْفَتْحَة , the الْكَسْرَة and the السُّكُوْن are said to be the “عَلاَمَات الإِعْرَابِ الأَصْلِيَّة” (primary signs of declinability).
It is necessary for us to know that الْجَرّ does not apply to الأَفْعَال just as الْجَزْم does not apply to الأَسْمَاء .
[Furthermore:
- الرَّفْع is called the nominative case when applied to nouns and the indicative mood when applied to verbs,
- النَّصْب is called the accusative case when applied to nouns and the subjunctive mood when applied to verbs,
- الْجَرّ is called the genitive case and applies to nouns only and
- الْجَزْم is called the jussive mood and applies to verbs only.]